In this study, we investigated the PHASE behavior of rods with square ( ) and circular (diameter D) cross sections between two hard walls using the Parsons-Lee theory and applying the Zwanzig approximation. Our focus is to find wall-to-wall separations (H) and the size of particles in which the PHASE of the system changes without occurring a PHASE TRANSITION. It was determined that if the distance between the plates is smaller than the length of the particles, for any particle whose length (L) to diameter ratio is greater than 1, the second order PHASE TRANSITION occurs, and most of the particles are placed in a certain direction parallel to the plates, which this type of PHASE TRANSITION takes place at lower densities with increasing particle’s aspect ratio. We also came to the conclusion that if the distance between the plates is greater than and , despite the PHASE change of the system with increasing particle density, no PHASE TRANSITION will occur. In addition, it was found that the cylindrical shaped particles show some unexpected behaviors, which could be due to the inappropriate performance of the applied theory or their real physical behavior, which requires more detailed studies to resolve the ambiguity.

Sleep is an essential process to maintain and improve human activities, while many details related to sleep are still not well understood. Decreased or fragmented sleep is a health risk that might result in heart disease or diabetes on one hand and degradation of consciousness and cognition on the other hand. Sleep fragmentation is a phenomenon in which an individual's sleep is intermittently disrupted by arousal caused by external factors (noise) or internal factors (apnea) although sleep deprivation does not completely occur. Computational modeling is a suitable framework for understanding complex biological mechanisms. In this paper, the fundamental phenomena underlying the sleep-wake TRANSITION was reviewed and simulated. The dynamical behavior of model was then investigated and afterwards the factors that might cause obstructive sleep apnea were implemented and evaluated. The model includes two main neuronal populations: the ascending arousal system in the brain stem that is responsible for awakening and a neuronal population in the hypothalamus, called VLPO, which mediates sleep. These populations have mutual inhibition on each other causing a fl ip-fl op or switching behavior between sleep and wake. The results of modeling in this paper showed hysteresis in the sleep-wake cycle, the size of which is affected by factors causing arousal. In OSA, intermittent and unstable TRANSITIONs as well as the shrinking of bistable zone is expected. The model could reproduce some experimental results related to obstructive apneas.

In this paper, we consider a spin chain with cluster interaction which is under the transverse magnetic field. We also study its dynamical behavior as the magnetic field changes suddenly. This system has an exact solution by means of Jordan-Wigner transformations. We show that if the magnetic field changes in such a way that its initial and finial value are in two different equilibrium PHASEs, then the rate function of return probability diverges periodically in time. In case this divergence is in time, it is called dynamical PHASE TRANSITION. If the quench has been done within the same PHASE, dynamical PHASE TRANSITION will not occur. Furthermore, we have shown that Fisher zero lines cross the imaginary axes when the dynamical PHASE TRANSITION occurs.

In this paper, we have studied the PHASE TRANSITION of nucleons, between a paired PHASE and a Fermi gas state, in 89Y and 208Pb nuclei. In order to conduct this study, the nuclear level density parameters of 89Y and 208Pb nuclei in the constant temperature model were extracted by the using of experimental data from Oslo group. The extracted results were used in the calculation of the cross sections of 208Pb (n, el), 208Pb(p, el), 89Y(n, el) and 89Y(p, el) nuclear reactions. According to the good agreement between the extracted results and corresponding experimental values for the cross sections, a constant temperature behavior, which can be interpreted as an evidence for the pairing PHASE TRANSITION, is confirmed for the nuclei. In addition, heat capacity of 89Y and 208Pb nuclei has been extracted from the experimental level densities and the effect of pairing PHASE TRANSITION of nucleons is studied within this thermodynamic quantity.

The collapse of antiferromagnetic order as a function of some quantum tuning parameter such as carrier density or hydrostatic pressure is often accompanied by a region of superconductivity. The corresponding phenomenon in the potentially simpler case of itinerant-electron ferromagnetism, however, remains more illusive. In this paper we consider the reasons why this may be so and summaries evidence suggesting that the obstacles to observing the phenomenon are apparently overcome in a few metallic ferromagnets. A new twist to the problem presented by the recent discoveries in ferroelectric symmetric systems and new graphite intercalate superconductors will also be discussed.

In this letter, we consider static black hole in f(R) gravity. We take advan-tage from corrected entropy and temperature and investigate such black hole. Finally, we study the P 􀀀 V critically and PHASE TRANSITION of corrected black hole with respect to entropy and temperature. Here also, we obtain the heat capacity for the static black hole in f(R) gravity. This calculation helps us to investigate some singularity. We have shown that the corrections exist for any black hole, but they are important for a small black holes and negligible for the large black holes. The advantage of a static black hole in f(R) gravity is its holographic picture, which is a van der Waals uid. Then, We have shown that in the presence of corrections there is still a van der Waals uid as a dual picture. The critical values of event horizon radius for PHASE TRANSITIONs are shown due to the corrections of entropy and temperature. We have some  gures which show the PHASE TRANSITION and P 􀀀 V critically.

This study investigated the topological PHASE TRANSITION of InSb and InBi under a non-hydrostatic lattice using density functional theory and the WIEN2K code. The results of examining the band structure of InSb and InBi employing the mBJGGA exchange-correlation potential indicate that InSb is a semiconductor with a small band gap and normal band order at the Γ point. At the same time, InBi is a metal with band inversion at the Brillouin zone center. To transform these compounds into topological semiconductors, the lattice of these compounds is subjected to non-hydrostatic lattice expansion. Non-hydrostatic lattice expansion is applied in two ways. Firstly, the lattice constants are expanded in the ab plane while keeping the lattice constant along the c-axis constant. Then, the lattice constant is expanded along the c-axis while keeping the lattice constant in the ab plane constant. The calculations indicate that under the influence of both types of non-hydrostatic lattice expansion, with the breaking of cubic symmetry, a TRANSITION towards topological semiconductors occurs.